| Does Race Exist? | |
| - Marks p. 156 line 19-22 + Sarich p. 158 line 31-32 - Lewontin p. 158 line 16-22 - Brace p. 159 line 6-7, 14-16 + Brues p. 160 line 11-12 | - Sauer p.158 line 10-12 - Armelagos p. 161 line 4-5 + Tacket p. 162 line 28-29 - Ubelaker p. 159 line 36-37 ~ Smouse p.163 line 24-28 - Shreeve p. 163 line 29-32 |
Tuesday, November 13, 2007
Saturday, November 10, 2007
AD & AF Diamond Study Guide - Q & A (1007)
AD & AF Diamond Study Guide - Q & A (1007)
What are some of the main issues in Diamond? Please add your answers. Your answer will include paraphrased or quoted information from the text, as well as your opinion when it is appropriate to the question. This will help you to reveal the meaning of the text, as well as the range of opinions thatexist within the class as a whole. By working together, your class will create a second study guide for Diamond that will be useful for you individually in your personal analysis for the essay and the PWT.
Please add your answers. Include paraphrase/qouted information from the text to support your answer. As well include your opinion if it is appropriate to the question. Your answer should clearly distinguish between information from Diamond and your opinion. Please add the page and line numbers to show where the information comes from in Diamond.
ARW - Race Without Color – Diamond (1994)
1. What is the “common sense” view about race? (167)
AF Rei: We generally decide race by seeing hair color,eye color or any appearance of human. It's "common sense" view about race refering to Diamond.
AF Shunsuke:
Owen: Each race can be determined by a set of easy to see biological characteristics
2. Why is this reasoning not objective? (167)
AD Mio: Because there are many different, equally reasonable procedures for explaining races.
AF Hiroki: Because different procedures yield very different classifications.
AF Kei: Because there are many ways to classify human race caused by various and equally reasonable procedures for defining race.
Owen: Because races could be grouped defined using other biological criteria that would lead to very different, but equally valid, groups.
3. Why is classification of human races more problematic that classification of animal races? (168)
AD Yuki Y:
AF Chiaki: Classification of human races forms our views of others, and promotes people to subliminally distinguish "us" from "them." Furthermore, it gives justifications for political and socioeconomic discrimination. Because of this, classification of human races is more problematic. (168)
AF Megumi T: Because classification encourages us to recognize differences unconsciously & discriminate against others politically, socially, and economically.
Owen: We assign group people into races and also place a value on them. This promotes discrimination against some groups.
4. What is a species? (168)
AD Nagiko:
AF Kotaro:
Owen: A group of populations whose individual members can interbreed with each other.
5. What does it mean when it is said that traits are “concordant”? (169)
AD Shintaro: It means that if one traits is different from others, then other all traits have to be different to accompany it.
AD Aya: It means that if one category such as voice difference differs from others, it has to be different for "all" the traits such as throat color or habit.
AF Yuki:（←YUKIE?) "That is, voice differences or habitat differences lead to the same racial classification as differences in throat color."
Owen: Possession of one trait always accompanies the possession of the other trait(s). For example, all members who have trait A also have trait B.
6.Why is racial classification of golden whistlers problematic? (169)
AD Ryoksuke:
AF Machi: Golden whistlers have various characters ( big or small, black- winged males, or green winged males etc..) depending on where they live, what they eat often, or some other reasons, so "if you divide golden whistlers into races based on single traits, you would get entirely different classifications depending on which trait you chose. "(16-18)
Owen: The traits upon which these birds are classified do not vary concordantly.
7. What is a “hierarchy of distinctness”? (169)
AD Misaki:
AF Haruka S: It is the group which different from each other. (Owen - this answer is not so clear)
Owen: Classification based on a central, most distinct group, then classifying other based on how they differ from that group
8. What is the problem with using a hierarchy of distinctness? (169)
AD Tomoya:
AF Misa: The problem of using a hierarchy of distinctness is that the extent to which you continue the racial classification is arbitrary, and it's a decision about which taxonomists disagree passionately.
Owen: It is difficult to decide when to stop creating new groups – how fine should the discrimination be?
9. What are “lumpers”? (169)
AD Hisako: Lumpers are people who prefer to recognize few races.
AF Masataka:
Owen: People who classify (taxonomists) populations into a few bigger groups.
10. What are “splitters”? (169)
AD Eito:
AF Rutsuko:
Owen: People who classify (taxonomists) populations into many smaller groups.
11. How is the classification of non-human animals different from the classification of human animals? (170)
AD Rina:
AD Mastada:
AF Emao:
Owen: When we classify humans we also use that to create a value of difference that can lead to prejudice.
12. What are three reasons why traits vary? Give an example of each. (170-174)
AD Li Hwa: First, many Africans, Arabs, and people from southern India tend to have the sickle-cell antimalarial gene, however, northern European people never had that trait because there is no malaria in Northern Europe, and also rare in the people from the southern most parts of Africa. Second, northern Europeans, north Indians, and some African peoples have lactase, on the other hand, most Africans & southern Europeans do not commonly have lactase into adulthood. Third, east Asians, most Europeans, and black Africans have fingerprints that have a "loop" shape and Khoisans and some central Europeans have a different kind of fingerprints that have an "arch" shape.
AF Shoko:
Owen: Natural selection – sickle cell gene for immunity to malaria / lactase enzyme for milk digestion / body shapes for heat conservation or release Sexual selection – body parts No reason - fingerprints
13. Is skin color an example of a trait that was an adaptation to geographic areas? Why or why not? (175)
AD Juri: Skin color is not an example of a trait that is an adaptation to geographic areas.
AF Katsuya:
Owen: No. There are some light skinned races that live in the tropics.
14. Are human racial classifications that are based on different traits concordant with one another? (176)
AD Seiya: No. The results of human race classifications vary with the each criterion for human discriminations. In fact, when we classify plural people with various criteria, we can find various results. Therefore, in this part, the author insists that no human racial classification is an absolute indicator.
AD Ken: No, they are not.
AF Juria: No, they would not be concordant with one another at all (P176 L21). Racial groups vary by which trait we use for classification, for example, skin color or antimalaria genes (P171 L18).
Owen: No. Depending on which physical traits we used, we would get different racial groups.
15. What is the hierarchical relation based on skin color among recognized races? (176)
AD Yoko S:
AF Tetsuya:
Owen: Anthropology textbooks recognize: Whites – African blacks – Mongoloids – Aboriginal Australians - Khoisans
16. What is the function of racially variable traits? (176)
AD Masaru:
AD Ikue:
AF Anna: Some racially variable traits include protection against skin cancer, rickets, frostbite, folic acid deficiency, beryllium poisoning, overheating, and overcooling. In other words, to enhance survival under particular conditions (P175 L1-5 ＆ L25-26).
Owen: Some racially variable traits serve survival, some serve sexual selection, and others are serve no purpose at all. We tend to use the sexual selection ones to classify race because they are more visible.
17. Why is the issue of racial classification more serious in modern society? (177)
AD Taichi:
AF Haruna: The issue of racial classification is more serious in modern society because we live our modern lives surrounded by people who are much more varied in appearance,... (Owen - this answer is missing a conclusion)
Owen: Because in modern times we have more exposure to people who appear different to us, and we have more weapons to use against enemies if disputes arise between "us" and "them."
18. What is meant by: “The last thing we need now is to continue codifying all those different appearances into an arbitrary system of racial classification.” (177)
AD Misato:
AF Yuki H:
Owen: The "last thing" means the "worst thing" so in other words Diamond states that we do not need to continue putting people into groups of races that are based on arbitrary characteristics.
19. A final thought – On page 177, Diamond mentions the possibility of classifying races based on a hierarchy of genetic distinctness. The primary races could be African and other races such as Swedes, New Guineans, Japanese, and Navajo would belong to the same race. Do you think this will ever happen? Why or why not? (Your opinion)
AD Haruka T: I think this will never happen. The concept of race came from human beings' instinct to classify. People have a desire to identify and classify everything. Who wants to regard human and vegetable as same living matter? Most people would consider vegetables as plants, not the same as humans. Of course, it is a different situation from racial discrimination, but I think these situations have common term (Owen - this sentence not especially clear). People tend to find differences rather than similarities, I think. Diamond's concept is logically and scientifically correct, but people tend to deny genetic similarities, and focus on "visible" differences such as skin color, language, or culture. That is why I do not think this will not happen.
AF Megumi H:
Owen: No. I think racial distinctions as they are have evolved along with dominant political powers. As long as those remain in power, then classifications will stay as they are.
Please add your answers. Include paraphrase/qouted information from the text to support your answer. As well include your opinion if it is appropriate to the question. Your answer should clearly distinguish between information from Diamond and your opinion. Please add the page and line numbers to show where the information comes from in Diamond.
ARW - Race Without Color – Diamond (1994)
1. What is the “common sense” view about race? (167)
AF Rei: We generally decide race by seeing hair color,eye color or any appearance of human. It's "common sense" view about race refering to Diamond.
AF Shunsuke:
Owen: Each race can be determined by a set of easy to see biological characteristics
2. Why is this reasoning not objective? (167)
AD Mio: Because there are many different, equally reasonable procedures for explaining races.
AF Hiroki: Because different procedures yield very different classifications.
AF Kei: Because there are many ways to classify human race caused by various and equally reasonable procedures for defining race.
Owen: Because races could be grouped defined using other biological criteria that would lead to very different, but equally valid, groups.
3. Why is classification of human races more problematic that classification of animal races? (168)
AD Yuki Y:
AF Chiaki: Classification of human races forms our views of others, and promotes people to subliminally distinguish "us" from "them." Furthermore, it gives justifications for political and socioeconomic discrimination. Because of this, classification of human races is more problematic. (168)
AF Megumi T: Because classification encourages us to recognize differences unconsciously & discriminate against others politically, socially, and economically.
Owen: We assign group people into races and also place a value on them. This promotes discrimination against some groups.
4. What is a species? (168)
AD Nagiko:
AF Kotaro:
Owen: A group of populations whose individual members can interbreed with each other.
5. What does it mean when it is said that traits are “concordant”? (169)
AD Shintaro: It means that if one traits is different from others, then other all traits have to be different to accompany it.
AD Aya: It means that if one category such as voice difference differs from others, it has to be different for "all" the traits such as throat color or habit.
AF Yuki:（←YUKIE?) "That is, voice differences or habitat differences lead to the same racial classification as differences in throat color."
Owen: Possession of one trait always accompanies the possession of the other trait(s). For example, all members who have trait A also have trait B.
6.Why is racial classification of golden whistlers problematic? (169)
AD Ryoksuke:
AF Machi: Golden whistlers have various characters ( big or small, black- winged males, or green winged males etc..) depending on where they live, what they eat often, or some other reasons, so "if you divide golden whistlers into races based on single traits, you would get entirely different classifications depending on which trait you chose. "(16-18)
Owen: The traits upon which these birds are classified do not vary concordantly.
7. What is a “hierarchy of distinctness”? (169)
AD Misaki:
AF Haruka S: It is the group which different from each other. (Owen - this answer is not so clear)
Owen: Classification based on a central, most distinct group, then classifying other based on how they differ from that group
8. What is the problem with using a hierarchy of distinctness? (169)
AD Tomoya:
AF Misa: The problem of using a hierarchy of distinctness is that the extent to which you continue the racial classification is arbitrary, and it's a decision about which taxonomists disagree passionately.
Owen: It is difficult to decide when to stop creating new groups – how fine should the discrimination be?
9. What are “lumpers”? (169)
AD Hisako: Lumpers are people who prefer to recognize few races.
AF Masataka:
Owen: People who classify (taxonomists) populations into a few bigger groups.
10. What are “splitters”? (169)
AD Eito:
AF Rutsuko:
Owen: People who classify (taxonomists) populations into many smaller groups.
11. How is the classification of non-human animals different from the classification of human animals? (170)
AD Rina:
AD Mastada:
AF Emao:
Owen: When we classify humans we also use that to create a value of difference that can lead to prejudice.
12. What are three reasons why traits vary? Give an example of each. (170-174)
AD Li Hwa: First, many Africans, Arabs, and people from southern India tend to have the sickle-cell antimalarial gene, however, northern European people never had that trait because there is no malaria in Northern Europe, and also rare in the people from the southern most parts of Africa. Second, northern Europeans, north Indians, and some African peoples have lactase, on the other hand, most Africans & southern Europeans do not commonly have lactase into adulthood. Third, east Asians, most Europeans, and black Africans have fingerprints that have a "loop" shape and Khoisans and some central Europeans have a different kind of fingerprints that have an "arch" shape.
AF Shoko:
Owen: Natural selection – sickle cell gene for immunity to malaria / lactase enzyme for milk digestion / body shapes for heat conservation or release Sexual selection – body parts No reason - fingerprints
13. Is skin color an example of a trait that was an adaptation to geographic areas? Why or why not? (175)
AD Juri: Skin color is not an example of a trait that is an adaptation to geographic areas.
AF Katsuya:
Owen: No. There are some light skinned races that live in the tropics.
14. Are human racial classifications that are based on different traits concordant with one another? (176)
AD Seiya: No. The results of human race classifications vary with the each criterion for human discriminations. In fact, when we classify plural people with various criteria, we can find various results. Therefore, in this part, the author insists that no human racial classification is an absolute indicator.
AD Ken: No, they are not.
AF Juria: No, they would not be concordant with one another at all (P176 L21). Racial groups vary by which trait we use for classification, for example, skin color or antimalaria genes (P171 L18).
Owen: No. Depending on which physical traits we used, we would get different racial groups.
15. What is the hierarchical relation based on skin color among recognized races? (176)
AD Yoko S:
AF Tetsuya:
Owen: Anthropology textbooks recognize: Whites – African blacks – Mongoloids – Aboriginal Australians - Khoisans
16. What is the function of racially variable traits? (176)
AD Masaru:
AD Ikue:
AF Anna: Some racially variable traits include protection against skin cancer, rickets, frostbite, folic acid deficiency, beryllium poisoning, overheating, and overcooling. In other words, to enhance survival under particular conditions (P175 L1-5 ＆ L25-26).
Owen: Some racially variable traits serve survival, some serve sexual selection, and others are serve no purpose at all. We tend to use the sexual selection ones to classify race because they are more visible.
17. Why is the issue of racial classification more serious in modern society? (177)
AD Taichi:
AF Haruna: The issue of racial classification is more serious in modern society because we live our modern lives surrounded by people who are much more varied in appearance,... (Owen - this answer is missing a conclusion)
Owen: Because in modern times we have more exposure to people who appear different to us, and we have more weapons to use against enemies if disputes arise between "us" and "them."
18. What is meant by: “The last thing we need now is to continue codifying all those different appearances into an arbitrary system of racial classification.” (177)
AD Misato:
AF Yuki H:
Owen: The "last thing" means the "worst thing" so in other words Diamond states that we do not need to continue putting people into groups of races that are based on arbitrary characteristics.
19. A final thought – On page 177, Diamond mentions the possibility of classifying races based on a hierarchy of genetic distinctness. The primary races could be African and other races such as Swedes, New Guineans, Japanese, and Navajo would belong to the same race. Do you think this will ever happen? Why or why not? (Your opinion)
AD Haruka T: I think this will never happen. The concept of race came from human beings' instinct to classify. People have a desire to identify and classify everything. Who wants to regard human and vegetable as same living matter? Most people would consider vegetables as plants, not the same as humans. Of course, it is a different situation from racial discrimination, but I think these situations have common term (Owen - this sentence not especially clear). People tend to find differences rather than similarities, I think. Diamond's concept is logically and scientifically correct, but people tend to deny genetic similarities, and focus on "visible" differences such as skin color, language, or culture. That is why I do not think this will not happen.
AF Megumi H:
Owen: No. I think racial distinctions as they are have evolved along with dominant political powers. As long as those remain in power, then classifications will stay as they are.
Thursday, November 08, 2007
Shreeve: AF Study Guide
Shreeve: AF Study Guide
Who thinks what about race? Examining the range of positions of various experts concerned with the issue of race is the main purpose of Shreeve.You should identify the position each source takes on the question, "Does race exist?" Add your name in the appropriate column to the table below. In this way, the collective analysis of the whole class will reveal the understanding (or not) that exists. By working together, your class will create a study guide for Shreeve that will be useful for you individually in your personal analysis for the essay and the PWT.
Who thinks what about race? Examining the range of positions of various experts concerned with the issue of race is the main purpose of Shreeve.You should identify the position each source takes on the question, "Does race exist?" Add your name in the appropriate column to the table below. In this way, the collective analysis of the whole class will reveal the understanding (or not) that exists. By working together, your class will create a study guide for Shreeve that will be useful for you individually in your personal analysis for the essay and the PWT.
Does race exist?
| | Yes | No | Undecided | |
| Source | ||||
| Sauer | Rei Hiroki MegumiT Misa Kotaro Haruka Yukie MegumiH Haruna Machi | Owen Kei | ||
| Marks | Rei Hiroki MeguT Yukie MegumiH Misa Kotaro Haruka Haruna Machi, Kei | Owen | ||
| Sarich | Rei Hiroki MeguT Misa Kotaro MegumiH Haruka Yukie Haruna, Owen Machi, Kei | |||
| Lewontin | Rei | Hiroki, Owen | Misa Kotaro Yukie MeguT Haruka MegumiH Haruna Machi, kei | |
| Brace | Rei Hiroki MeguT Misa Kotaro Haruka Yukie MegumiH Haruna Machi | Owen | kei | |
| Brues | Owen | Rei Hiroki MeguT Misa Kotaro Haruka Yukie MegumiH Haruna Machi | Kei | |
| Armelagos | Rei Hiroki Haruka Yukie MegumiH | Owen | Misa Kotaro MeguT Haruna Machi, Kei | |
| Tackett | Rei Hiroki MeguT Misa Kotaro Haruka Yukie MegumiH Haruna, Owen Machi, Kei | |||
| Ubelaker | Hiroki, Haruna, Owen Kei | Rei MeguT Yukie Misa Kotaro Haruka MegumiH Machi | ||
| Smouse | Hiroki | Rei, MeguT, Yukie, Misa, Kotaro, Haruka, Megumi H, Haruna, Owen Machi, Kei | ||
| Shreeve | Owen | Rei Hiroki MeguT Misa Kotaro Haruka Yukie MegumiH Haruna Machi, Kei | ||
| You | Hiroki Kotaro Haruka Yukie Haruna Machi Kei | Owen (Race is too ill-defined to beuseful. Still, even if it could be defined, itis not very important. It is more importantthat a person is kind, honest, and trustworthy. What race someone might be is not related to whether someone has these qualities or not. My view is that we should focus on what is most important.) | Rei MeguT Misa MegumiH |
Shreeve: AD Study Guide
Shreeve: AD Study Guide
Who thinks what about race? Examining the range of positions of various experts concerned with the issue of race is the main purpose of Shreeve.You should identify the position each source takes on the question, "Does race exist?" Add your name in the appropriate column to the table below. In this way, the collective analysis of the whole class will reveal the understanding (or not) that exists. By working together, your class will create a study guide for Shreeve that will be useful for you individually in your personal analysis for the essay and the PWT. Does race exist?
| | Yes | No | Undecided | |
| Source | ||||
| Sauer | Haruka, Misaki Lihwa, Ikue, Hisako Seiya, Chiaki, Aya, Mio, Juri,Nagiko | Owen | ||
| Marks | Haruka, Misaki Lihwa, Ikue, Hisako, Seiya, Chiaki, Mio, Juri,Nagiko | Owen | ||
| Sarich | Haruka, Lihwa, Hisako, Seiya, Chiaki, Ikue, Owen | Aya Mio Juri Misaki,Nagiko | ||
| Lewontin | Haruka, Lihwa, Hisako, Seiya, Chiaki, Juri, Ikue, | Owen | Aya Mio Misaki,Nagiko | |
| Brace | Haruka, Misaki, Lihwa, Ikue, Hisako, Seiya, Chiaki, Mio, Juri,Nagiko, | Owen | ||
| Brues | Owen | Haruka, Misaki, Lihwa, Hisako, Seiya, Chiaki, Mio, Juri, Ikue, Nagiko | ||
| Armelagos | Haruka, Misaki Lihwa, Ikue, Hisako, Seiya, Chiaki, Mio, Juri,Nagiko, | Owen | ||
| Tacket | Haruka, Misaki, Lihwa, Ikue, Hisako, Seiya Chiaki, Mio, Juri,Nagiko,Owen | |||
| Ubelaker | Aya, Owen | Haruka, Misaki, Lihwa Hisako, Seiya, Chiaki Mio, Juri Ikue, Nagiko | ||
| Smouse | Haruka, Misaki, Lihwa Hisako, Seiya, Chiaki Aya, Mio, Juri, Ikue, Nagiko, Owen | |||
| Shreeve | Owen | Haruka, Misaki, Lihwa Hisako, Seiya, Chiaki Aya, Mio, Juri, ikue, Nagiko | ||
| You | Haruka, Hisako, Seiya Aya, Mio, Juri, Nagiko | Owen (Race is too ill-defined to beuseful. Still, even if it could be defined, itis not very important. It is more importantthat a person is kind, honest, and trustworthy. What race someone might be is not related to whether someone has these qualities or not. My view is that we should focus on what is most important.) | Lihwa, Chiaki, Misaki Ikue |
Gould: AD Study Guide
Gould: AD Study Guide
These are key questions in understanding the “The Geometer of Race” article. AD will work together to create a study guide for Gould that will be useful for you individually in your personal analysis for the essay and the PWT.
Please write your answer on this page. Write in full sentences, explain your answer fully and clearly, and finally, check your writing for any grammar or spelling errors. Don't forget, click save when you are done.
1. Everyone should do this first: In your text, draw and label a diagram below to represent Blumenbach’s Model, see Gould p. 151, lines 6-16. We will check answers next class.
2. Now, please answer your individual question below:
A
1. What are the first two questions the author asks in this section? (Chiaki)
First question is "Why are political radicals called 'left' and their conservative counterparts 'right'?"
Second one is "Why should the most common racial group of the Western world be named for a mountain range that straddles Russia and Georgia?" (Chiaki) (Yoko)
2. What are the answers? (Ryosuke) (Shintaro)
Answer 1
In many European legislatures, the most distinguished members sat at the chairman's right and they tended to espouse conservative views. That is why conservative political radicals are called "right" and their counterparts are called "left". (Ryosuke) (Taichi)
Answer 2
The name Caucasian was defined by Blumenbach who wrote "De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa". He took this name from Mount Caucasus because of the two reasons. First, he believed that its neighborhood especially its southern slope produced the most beautiful race of men which means Georgian. Second, he believed that this region was the origin of mankind. (Shintaro) (Taichi)
3. What two questions does he leave as yet unanswered? (Misaki)
First one is "Why should the most common racial group of the Western world be named for a mountain range that straddles Russia and Georgia?" and second one is "Why should an aesthetic criterion become the basis of a scientific judgment about place of origin?"
4. Why doesn’t he answer those questions at this point? (Tomoya) (Yuki)
He requires us to make a comparison between Blumenbach's original 1775 text and edited 1795 text, when Caucasians received their name. (Yuki) (Seiya)
B
1. What is the “paradox” the author refers to? (Nagiko)
It is widely accepted that Blumenbach was the person who created modern racial classification. However, his only original achievement was to add a Malay variety to Linnaeus' previous four-race system. (Nagiko) (Ikue)
2. What does Gould mean by the statement “This change has been missed or misconstrued…”? (Aya)
Blumenbach created his classification based on Linnaeus' original taxonomy. He basically added the Malay race to reformulate his theory of human diversity. This small change can seem insignificant; however, it records a theoretical shift. According to the text, "this change" refers to the difference of classification of race, between Blumenbach and Linnaeus (Aya) (Ken) from a classification based on geography (Linnaeus) to a model that explicitly ranked peoples in a hierarchy of worth based on his personal perceptions of beauty (Blumenbach). (Owen)
[Therefore, it is difficult for scholar to grasp the idea of classification by using the method of classifying them with vital historical and philosophical principle. Gould would like to emphasize that Blumenbach's original classification brought huge confusion and misunderstanding among scholar. (Aya)(Ken)] - This part of the original text, is not accurate. (Owen)
C
In this section the author provides straightforward background information on Blumenbach and on the relationship with his mentor and teacher, Linnaeus.
1. What are the four groups Linnaeus identifies? List some of their characteristics. (Rina)
Americanus (American variety) is red, choleric,upright and ruled by habit.
Europaeus (European variety) is white, sanguine, muscular and ruled by custom.
Asiaticus (Asian variety) is pale yellow, melancholy, stiff and ruled by belief.
Afer (African variety) is black, phlegmatic, relaxed and ruled by caprice. (LiHwa) (Rina)
2. Why does Gould compare the shift from a geographic to a hierarchical ordering of human diversity with railroads and nuclear bombs? (Masatada) (Taichi)
The reason why Gould compared the shift from a geographic to a hierarchical ordering of human diversity with railroads and nuclear bombs is that Blumenbach's ideas have critically affected people's conception of race and what is more opened the door to racism. These influences and impacts are the same as railroads and the nuclear bomb in that they directly impact our daily lives, although people are usually unconscious of their huge significance.
D
1. Try to paraphrase Gould's statement, "Scientists assume that their own shifts in interpretation record only their better understanding of newly discovered facts. They tend to be unaware of their own mental impositions upon the world's messy and ambiguous factuality." (Hisako)
When scientists develop their own theory, there are two influences upon scientists: newly discovered facts and their personal beliefs which have been unconsciously shaped by society or politics. However, scientists assume that only newly discovered facts influence their theory. Therefore, most scientists are not aware of the personal mental impositions which act on their theories. (Hisako)
2. What does the author mean by the statement “When scientists adopt…”? Can you relate this to your knowledge of Perception? (Eito) (Misato)
According to the author, scientists' personal mental impositions can be as important as their observations because scientists do not realize the movements that occur in the bottom of their minds. And these movements make them change their interpretations. Therefore, it is related to the part "Sensation and Interpretation" of Fisher. (Misato) (Yuki) (Hisako)
E
1. Can you paraphrase the quote which begins “There is no single character so peculiar…”? (Li Hwa)
There is not a single unique characteristic or trait that exists in only one variety of mankind that does not also exist in all other kinds of people. (Owen)
[Black Africans among Ethiopians have no character. (Li Hwa) (Rina)] - this original answer is not accurate (Owen)
2. What did Blumenbach think of using skin color as a means of grouping peoples? (Ken) (Haruka)
Blumenbach believed that racial diversity arose as a result of peoples spread to other climates and topographies. Moreover, Blumenbach thought skin colour is easily changeable over time, and he ascribed the differences of color to the influence of the sun, the air, or the climate. Therefore, he thought skin color was (Haruka) (Aya) useless for classifying racial groups. (Owen)
[Therefore, he thought skin color is most explicit criteria to classify the racial groups. (Haruka) (Aya)] - this original part of the answer is not accurate (Owen)
He Blumenbach applied skin color to show that there are no absolute and fixed differences between humankind. Though it had been thought it is not, above all the difference will be used by racism to prove the reason, so he prevented his study from being concerned with racism. Skin color is fitted example because of its explicitness and impression. Skin color is changeable because it is influenced by the sun, the air, or the climate. Therefore, color has no aspects of constituting a diversity of species. (Ken) (Mio) - This answer is not so clear, but it seems to be basically accurate. (Owen)
F
1. At the beginning of this section the author writes, "We may now return to the riddle of the name Caucasian." Why does he say this? Where have the readers returned from? (Ikue)
At the beginning of this article, the author Gould states that Blumenbach ended in European superiority to the other races, in spite of the fact that he ascribed the "equality" of all races. Then the author explains Blumenbach's classification in detail and his theory of "equality" among races. But this is the not main point of the text. Therefore, in this section, the author returns the main point of why Blumenbach named his European variety "Caucasian."
2. What was Blumenbach's dilemma? (Seiya)
Blumenbach had stated the mental and ethical equality of all peoples. However, in the process of categorizing people, he had discriminated between Europeans and other peoples, because his ideal of the most beautiful people focused on his closest people, Europeans. Therefore, his objectivity was interrupted by his subjective views. This is Blumenbach's dilemma.
G
1. How is the statement “ But ideas do not reside in the ivory tower…” related to the College Thinking [Spring term] reading? (Juri)
[In this sentence, he meant that "ideas do not reside in the black people's world. However, the way of thinking does not have "good reason".
This is related to the "basis of belief" in the College Thinking.] - This original answer is not accurate.
Ideas do not reside in the "ivory tower" of academia, means that academics' ideas are not disconnected from the wider world. In reality, academics' ideas have the power to change peoples' lives and the world we live in. (Owen)
2. What is the purpose of the final quote “It was from America that…”? (Masaru) (Mio)
Gould quoted the words of Lord Acton to emphasize that academic ideas can transform the world drastically. (Mio) (Haruka)
3. What might Gould want to imply by this final quote?(Yoko)
Gould might want to imply that all people have the power of ideas and can change the world, furthermore they are fated to improve the world based on the "Rights of Man". (Yoko) (Chiaki)
These are key questions in understanding the “The Geometer of Race” article. AD will work together to create a study guide for Gould that will be useful for you individually in your personal analysis for the essay and the PWT.
Please write your answer on this page. Write in full sentences, explain your answer fully and clearly, and finally, check your writing for any grammar or spelling errors. Don't forget, click save when you are done.
1. Everyone should do this first: In your text, draw and label a diagram below to represent Blumenbach’s Model, see Gould p. 151, lines 6-16. We will check answers next class.
2. Now, please answer your individual question below:
A
1. What are the first two questions the author asks in this section? (Chiaki)
First question is "Why are political radicals called 'left' and their conservative counterparts 'right'?"
Second one is "Why should the most common racial group of the Western world be named for a mountain range that straddles Russia and Georgia?" (Chiaki) (Yoko)
2. What are the answers? (Ryosuke) (Shintaro)
Answer 1
In many European legislatures, the most distinguished members sat at the chairman's right and they tended to espouse conservative views. That is why conservative political radicals are called "right" and their counterparts are called "left". (Ryosuke) (Taichi)
Answer 2
The name Caucasian was defined by Blumenbach who wrote "De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa". He took this name from Mount Caucasus because of the two reasons. First, he believed that its neighborhood especially its southern slope produced the most beautiful race of men which means Georgian. Second, he believed that this region was the origin of mankind. (Shintaro) (Taichi)
3. What two questions does he leave as yet unanswered? (Misaki)
First one is "Why should the most common racial group of the Western world be named for a mountain range that straddles Russia and Georgia?" and second one is "Why should an aesthetic criterion become the basis of a scientific judgment about place of origin?"
4. Why doesn’t he answer those questions at this point? (Tomoya) (Yuki)
He requires us to make a comparison between Blumenbach's original 1775 text and edited 1795 text, when Caucasians received their name. (Yuki) (Seiya)
B
1. What is the “paradox” the author refers to? (Nagiko)
It is widely accepted that Blumenbach was the person who created modern racial classification. However, his only original achievement was to add a Malay variety to Linnaeus' previous four-race system. (Nagiko) (Ikue)
2. What does Gould mean by the statement “This change has been missed or misconstrued…”? (Aya)
Blumenbach created his classification based on Linnaeus' original taxonomy. He basically added the Malay race to reformulate his theory of human diversity. This small change can seem insignificant; however, it records a theoretical shift. According to the text, "this change" refers to the difference of classification of race, between Blumenbach and Linnaeus (Aya) (Ken) from a classification based on geography (Linnaeus) to a model that explicitly ranked peoples in a hierarchy of worth based on his personal perceptions of beauty (Blumenbach). (Owen)
[Therefore, it is difficult for scholar to grasp the idea of classification by using the method of classifying them with vital historical and philosophical principle. Gould would like to emphasize that Blumenbach's original classification brought huge confusion and misunderstanding among scholar. (Aya)(Ken)] - This part of the original text, is not accurate. (Owen)
C
In this section the author provides straightforward background information on Blumenbach and on the relationship with his mentor and teacher, Linnaeus.
1. What are the four groups Linnaeus identifies? List some of their characteristics. (Rina)
Americanus (American variety) is red, choleric,upright and ruled by habit.
Europaeus (European variety) is white, sanguine, muscular and ruled by custom.
Asiaticus (Asian variety) is pale yellow, melancholy, stiff and ruled by belief.
Afer (African variety) is black, phlegmatic, relaxed and ruled by caprice. (LiHwa) (Rina)
2. Why does Gould compare the shift from a geographic to a hierarchical ordering of human diversity with railroads and nuclear bombs? (Masatada) (Taichi)
The reason why Gould compared the shift from a geographic to a hierarchical ordering of human diversity with railroads and nuclear bombs is that Blumenbach's ideas have critically affected people's conception of race and what is more opened the door to racism. These influences and impacts are the same as railroads and the nuclear bomb in that they directly impact our daily lives, although people are usually unconscious of their huge significance.
D
1. Try to paraphrase Gould's statement, "Scientists assume that their own shifts in interpretation record only their better understanding of newly discovered facts. They tend to be unaware of their own mental impositions upon the world's messy and ambiguous factuality." (Hisako)
When scientists develop their own theory, there are two influences upon scientists: newly discovered facts and their personal beliefs which have been unconsciously shaped by society or politics. However, scientists assume that only newly discovered facts influence their theory. Therefore, most scientists are not aware of the personal mental impositions which act on their theories. (Hisako)
2. What does the author mean by the statement “When scientists adopt…”? Can you relate this to your knowledge of Perception? (Eito) (Misato)
According to the author, scientists' personal mental impositions can be as important as their observations because scientists do not realize the movements that occur in the bottom of their minds. And these movements make them change their interpretations. Therefore, it is related to the part "Sensation and Interpretation" of Fisher. (Misato) (Yuki) (Hisako)
E
1. Can you paraphrase the quote which begins “There is no single character so peculiar…”? (Li Hwa)
There is not a single unique characteristic or trait that exists in only one variety of mankind that does not also exist in all other kinds of people. (Owen)
[Black Africans among Ethiopians have no character. (Li Hwa) (Rina)] - this original answer is not accurate (Owen)
2. What did Blumenbach think of using skin color as a means of grouping peoples? (Ken) (Haruka)
Blumenbach believed that racial diversity arose as a result of peoples spread to other climates and topographies. Moreover, Blumenbach thought skin colour is easily changeable over time, and he ascribed the differences of color to the influence of the sun, the air, or the climate. Therefore, he thought skin color was (Haruka) (Aya) useless for classifying racial groups. (Owen)
[Therefore, he thought skin color is most explicit criteria to classify the racial groups. (Haruka) (Aya)] - this original part of the answer is not accurate (Owen)
He Blumenbach applied skin color to show that there are no absolute and fixed differences between humankind. Though it had been thought it is not, above all the difference will be used by racism to prove the reason, so he prevented his study from being concerned with racism. Skin color is fitted example because of its explicitness and impression. Skin color is changeable because it is influenced by the sun, the air, or the climate. Therefore, color has no aspects of constituting a diversity of species. (Ken) (Mio) - This answer is not so clear, but it seems to be basically accurate. (Owen)
F
1. At the beginning of this section the author writes, "We may now return to the riddle of the name Caucasian." Why does he say this? Where have the readers returned from? (Ikue)
At the beginning of this article, the author Gould states that Blumenbach ended in European superiority to the other races, in spite of the fact that he ascribed the "equality" of all races. Then the author explains Blumenbach's classification in detail and his theory of "equality" among races. But this is the not main point of the text. Therefore, in this section, the author returns the main point of why Blumenbach named his European variety "Caucasian."
2. What was Blumenbach's dilemma? (Seiya)
Blumenbach had stated the mental and ethical equality of all peoples. However, in the process of categorizing people, he had discriminated between Europeans and other peoples, because his ideal of the most beautiful people focused on his closest people, Europeans. Therefore, his objectivity was interrupted by his subjective views. This is Blumenbach's dilemma.
G
1. How is the statement “ But ideas do not reside in the ivory tower…” related to the College Thinking [Spring term] reading? (Juri)
[In this sentence, he meant that "ideas do not reside in the black people's world. However, the way of thinking does not have "good reason".
This is related to the "basis of belief" in the College Thinking.] - This original answer is not accurate.
Ideas do not reside in the "ivory tower" of academia, means that academics' ideas are not disconnected from the wider world. In reality, academics' ideas have the power to change peoples' lives and the world we live in. (Owen)
2. What is the purpose of the final quote “It was from America that…”? (Masaru) (Mio)
Gould quoted the words of Lord Acton to emphasize that academic ideas can transform the world drastically. (Mio) (Haruka)
3. What might Gould want to imply by this final quote?(Yoko)
Gould might want to imply that all people have the power of ideas and can change the world, furthermore they are fated to improve the world based on the "Rights of Man". (Yoko) (Chiaki)
Gould: AF Study Guide
Gould: AF Study Guide These are key questions in understanding the “The Geometer of Race” article. AF will work together to create a study guide for Gould that will be useful for you individually in your personal analysis for the essay and the PWT.
Please write your answer on this page. Write in full sentences, explain your answer fully and clearly, and finally, check your writing for any grammar or spelling errors. Don't forget, click save when you are done.
1. Everyone should do this first: In your text, draw and label a diagram below to represent Blumenbach’s Model, see Gould p. 151, lines 6-16. We will check answers next class. 2. Now, please answer your individual question below: A 1. What are the first two questions the author asks in this section? (Kei) (Machi) (Megumi.T)
The two questions are: 1) "Why are political radicals called 'left ' and their conservative counterparts 'right'?", and 2) "Why should the most common racial group of the Western world be named for a mountain range that straddles Russia and Georgia?" 2. What are the answers? (Shunsuke) (Kotaro)
Ans. 2) The name Caucasian was defined by Blumenbach in his book, "De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa." Blumenbach named Europeans after the region around Mount Caucasus because he believed it was the region from which humans originated, and because its neighborhood, especially its southern slope, produced the most beautiful variety of European. Therefore, he named the all peoples of Europe "Caucasian" because that was where the most beautiful Europeans came from.
3. What two questions does he leave as yet unanswered? (Megumi H) (Misa)
These questions are: 1) "Why should a scientist attach such importance to an evidently subjective assessment?", and 2) "Why should an aesthetic criterion become the basis of a scientific judgment about place of origin?"
4. Why doesn’t he answer those questions at this point? (Yuki)
Gould does not answer those questions at that point because we cannot answer those correctly, unless we compare Blumenbach's 1775 text with his final 1795 text.
B 1. What is the “paradox” the author refers to? (Haruna)
The original four-race system was developed by Blumenbach's guru Linnaeus. Blumenbach added is a Malay variety to the system later, but people credit Blumenbach as the founder of the modern racial classification rather than Linnaeus.
Blumenbach was accepted as the inventor of modern racial classification even though he only added a Malay variety to the original four-race system developed by Linnaeus. (Rutsuko) 2. What does Gould mean by the statement, “This change has been missed or misconstrued…”? (Anna)
The addition of the Malay variety seems such a minor change. However, it was actually a radical change. Moreover, scientists have either not noticed this or have not interpreted it correctly.
C In this section the author provides straightforward background information on Blumenbach and on the relationship with his mentor and teacher, Linnaeus. 1. What are the four groups Linnaeus identifies? List some of their characteristics. (Tetsuya) (Megumi T)
Linnaeus' classification is based on geography (4 regions), and then by color, humor, and posture. American variety is red, choleric, upright and ruled by habit. European is white, sanguine, muscular, and ruled by custom. Asian is pale yellow, melancholy, stiff and, ruled by belief. African is black, phlegmatic, relaxed, and ruled by caprice. 2. Why does Gould compare the shift from a geographic to a hierarchical ordering of human diversity with railroads and nuclear bombs? (Juria)
[It is because characterize the Blumenbach's order. Railroads and nuclear bombs are symbol of intelligence and power and these viewpoint's order is racism.] - This original answer is not accurate. I have included another answer from students in AD below (Owen):
The reason why Gould compared the shift from a geographic to a hierarchical ordering of human diversity with railroads and nuclear bombs is that Blumenbach's ideas have critically affected people's conception of race and what is more opened the door to racism. These influences and impacts are the same as railroads and the nuclear bomb in that they directly impact our daily lives, although people are usually unconscious of their huge significance. (Masatada) (Taichi)
D 1. Try to paraphrase Gould's statement, "Scientists assume that their own shifts in interpretation record only their better understanding of newly discovered facts. They tend to be unaware of their own mental impositions upon the world's messy and ambiguous factuality." (Katsuya) (Hiroki)
Scientists assume that thanks to their transformation of interpretation, they can understand their new discoveries more deeply. They are unlikely to acknowledge the impact of their own mental impositions (their beliefs and ideas) on their observations and their theories.
Scientists tend to suppose new theories come only from their better understanding through better observation, however new theories also draw on their personal beliefs and biases. Many of them don't notice this. (Juria)
2. What does the author mean by the statement “When scientists adopt…”? Can you relate this to your knowledge of Perception? (Shoko)
Author means that scientists do not think of movements in their mind and it makes difference. - This answer is difficult to understand, it needs developing more. I have included an additional answer from students in AD below (Owen):
According to the author, scientists' personal mental impositions can be as important as their observations because scientists do not realize the movements that occur in the bottom of their minds. And these movements make them change their interpretations. Therefore, it is related to the part "Sensation and Interpretation" of Fisher. (Misato) (Yuki) (Hisako)
E 1. Can you paraphrase the quote which begins “There is no single character so peculiar…”? (Emao)
[Even facial characteristics are different between Caucasian and Ethiopian, both of them have same characteristics as a human.] - This answer does not answer the question.
There is not a single unique characteristic or trait that exists in only one variety of mankind that does not also exist in all other varieties of people as well. (Owen) 2. What did Blumenbach think of using skin color as a means of grouping peoples? (Rutsuko)
He thinks that skin color is useless, and can never constitute a diversity of species because it is changeable over generations, by moving to a new region and adopting new behaviors to survive.
F 1. At the beginning of this section the author writes, "We may now return to the riddle of the name Caucasian." Why does he say this? Where have the readers returned from? (Masataka) (Rei)
The author wants to stop looking into the background and details of Blumenbach's theory and return to the main subject of Blumenbach's definition of all Europeans as "Caucasians." (Rei) Readers have returned from P142, L 28. (Yukie) 2. What was Blumenbach's dilemma? (Misa)
Blumenbach's dilemma arose because he had claimed that all people were mentally and morally equal, therefore he could not use these racist criteria for ranking peoples. He needed a non-racist criteria. In Blumenbach's view the most appropriate criteria was 'beauty' based on the example of the people from the Caucus region, whom he claimed to be the most beautiful of all Europeans.
He could not use conventional standards of racist ranking that regarded Europeans as closest to the ideal because he had asserted the mental and moral equality of all peoples. (Megumi.H)
G 1. How is the statement “ But ideas do not reside in the ivory tower…” related to the College Thinking [Spring term] reading? (Haruka)
In the College Thinking [Spring term], Meiland states that college is regarded as an "ivory tower". However, it's not an "ivory tower" because the ideas academics have affect many things in "real" life. In The Geometer of Race, Gould also states that academic ideas do not reside in an ivory tower and they motivate human history. In brief, Gould's statement is similar to Meiland's statement.
2. What is the purpose of the final quote “It was from America that…”? (Machi)
By placing the quote at the end of the article, Gould wanted to emphasise to readers/society that Blumenbach and scientists tend to forget or slight the influence they can have on society.
3. What might Gould want to imply by this final quote? (Yukie) (Kei)
The author suggests implicitly that ideas have built and transformed human history. In other words, ideas - good or bad, right or wrong - have the power to advance history.
[Although scholars believe that academic ideas must be offensive and neutral, ideas should be aggressive and practical even it causes human right violation.] - This part of the original answer is not accurate.
Please write your answer on this page. Write in full sentences, explain your answer fully and clearly, and finally, check your writing for any grammar or spelling errors. Don't forget, click save when you are done.
1. Everyone should do this first: In your text, draw and label a diagram below to represent Blumenbach’s Model, see Gould p. 151, lines 6-16. We will check answers next class. 2. Now, please answer your individual question below: A 1. What are the first two questions the author asks in this section? (Kei) (Machi) (Megumi.T)
The two questions are: 1) "Why are political radicals called 'left ' and their conservative counterparts 'right'?", and 2) "Why should the most common racial group of the Western world be named for a mountain range that straddles Russia and Georgia?" 2. What are the answers? (Shunsuke) (Kotaro)
Ans. 2) The name Caucasian was defined by Blumenbach in his book, "De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa." Blumenbach named Europeans after the region around Mount Caucasus because he believed it was the region from which humans originated, and because its neighborhood, especially its southern slope, produced the most beautiful variety of European. Therefore, he named the all peoples of Europe "Caucasian" because that was where the most beautiful Europeans came from.
3. What two questions does he leave as yet unanswered? (Megumi H) (Misa)
These questions are: 1) "Why should a scientist attach such importance to an evidently subjective assessment?", and 2) "Why should an aesthetic criterion become the basis of a scientific judgment about place of origin?"
4. Why doesn’t he answer those questions at this point? (Yuki)
Gould does not answer those questions at that point because we cannot answer those correctly, unless we compare Blumenbach's 1775 text with his final 1795 text.
B 1. What is the “paradox” the author refers to? (Haruna)
The original four-race system was developed by Blumenbach's guru Linnaeus. Blumenbach added is a Malay variety to the system later, but people credit Blumenbach as the founder of the modern racial classification rather than Linnaeus.
Blumenbach was accepted as the inventor of modern racial classification even though he only added a Malay variety to the original four-race system developed by Linnaeus. (Rutsuko) 2. What does Gould mean by the statement, “This change has been missed or misconstrued…”? (Anna)
The addition of the Malay variety seems such a minor change. However, it was actually a radical change. Moreover, scientists have either not noticed this or have not interpreted it correctly.
C In this section the author provides straightforward background information on Blumenbach and on the relationship with his mentor and teacher, Linnaeus. 1. What are the four groups Linnaeus identifies? List some of their characteristics. (Tetsuya) (Megumi T)
Linnaeus' classification is based on geography (4 regions), and then by color, humor, and posture. American variety is red, choleric, upright and ruled by habit. European is white, sanguine, muscular, and ruled by custom. Asian is pale yellow, melancholy, stiff and, ruled by belief. African is black, phlegmatic, relaxed, and ruled by caprice. 2. Why does Gould compare the shift from a geographic to a hierarchical ordering of human diversity with railroads and nuclear bombs? (Juria)
[It is because characterize the Blumenbach's order. Railroads and nuclear bombs are symbol of intelligence and power and these viewpoint's order is racism.] - This original answer is not accurate. I have included another answer from students in AD below (Owen):
The reason why Gould compared the shift from a geographic to a hierarchical ordering of human diversity with railroads and nuclear bombs is that Blumenbach's ideas have critically affected people's conception of race and what is more opened the door to racism. These influences and impacts are the same as railroads and the nuclear bomb in that they directly impact our daily lives, although people are usually unconscious of their huge significance. (Masatada) (Taichi)
D 1. Try to paraphrase Gould's statement, "Scientists assume that their own shifts in interpretation record only their better understanding of newly discovered facts. They tend to be unaware of their own mental impositions upon the world's messy and ambiguous factuality." (Katsuya) (Hiroki)
Scientists assume that thanks to their transformation of interpretation, they can understand their new discoveries more deeply. They are unlikely to acknowledge the impact of their own mental impositions (their beliefs and ideas) on their observations and their theories.
Scientists tend to suppose new theories come only from their better understanding through better observation, however new theories also draw on their personal beliefs and biases. Many of them don't notice this. (Juria)
2. What does the author mean by the statement “When scientists adopt…”? Can you relate this to your knowledge of Perception? (Shoko)
Author means that scientists do not think of movements in their mind and it makes difference. - This answer is difficult to understand, it needs developing more. I have included an additional answer from students in AD below (Owen):
According to the author, scientists' personal mental impositions can be as important as their observations because scientists do not realize the movements that occur in the bottom of their minds. And these movements make them change their interpretations. Therefore, it is related to the part "Sensation and Interpretation" of Fisher. (Misato) (Yuki) (Hisako)
E 1. Can you paraphrase the quote which begins “There is no single character so peculiar…”? (Emao)
[Even facial characteristics are different between Caucasian and Ethiopian, both of them have same characteristics as a human.] - This answer does not answer the question.
There is not a single unique characteristic or trait that exists in only one variety of mankind that does not also exist in all other varieties of people as well. (Owen) 2. What did Blumenbach think of using skin color as a means of grouping peoples? (Rutsuko)
He thinks that skin color is useless, and can never constitute a diversity of species because it is changeable over generations, by moving to a new region and adopting new behaviors to survive.
F 1. At the beginning of this section the author writes, "We may now return to the riddle of the name Caucasian." Why does he say this? Where have the readers returned from? (Masataka) (Rei)
The author wants to stop looking into the background and details of Blumenbach's theory and return to the main subject of Blumenbach's definition of all Europeans as "Caucasians." (Rei) Readers have returned from P142, L 28. (Yukie) 2. What was Blumenbach's dilemma? (Misa)
Blumenbach's dilemma arose because he had claimed that all people were mentally and morally equal, therefore he could not use these racist criteria for ranking peoples. He needed a non-racist criteria. In Blumenbach's view the most appropriate criteria was 'beauty' based on the example of the people from the Caucus region, whom he claimed to be the most beautiful of all Europeans.
He could not use conventional standards of racist ranking that regarded Europeans as closest to the ideal because he had asserted the mental and moral equality of all peoples. (Megumi.H)
G 1. How is the statement “ But ideas do not reside in the ivory tower…” related to the College Thinking [Spring term] reading? (Haruka)
In the College Thinking [Spring term], Meiland states that college is regarded as an "ivory tower". However, it's not an "ivory tower" because the ideas academics have affect many things in "real" life. In The Geometer of Race, Gould also states that academic ideas do not reside in an ivory tower and they motivate human history. In brief, Gould's statement is similar to Meiland's statement.
2. What is the purpose of the final quote “It was from America that…”? (Machi)
By placing the quote at the end of the article, Gould wanted to emphasise to readers/society that Blumenbach and scientists tend to forget or slight the influence they can have on society.
3. What might Gould want to imply by this final quote? (Yukie) (Kei)
The author suggests implicitly that ideas have built and transformed human history. In other words, ideas - good or bad, right or wrong - have the power to advance history.
[Although scholars believe that academic ideas must be offensive and neutral, ideas should be aggressive and practical even it causes human right violation.] - This part of the original answer is not accurate.
Monday, November 05, 2007
ARW Information: Class on Wednesday 11/7
Dear AD & AF,
Hello, I hope you are having a good day. I would like us to use ARW class time on Wednesday for individual tutorials rather than a whole-class class. If you would like to take a tutorial please sign up on the DIY. Instead of coming to class on Wednesday then, I would like everyone to continue work on their essay. Importantly, please also be sure that you have completed the AD & AF Diamond Study Guide - Q &A by tomorrow. Enjoy your study time Wednesday, your class in this position now because you completed most of the work for the semester in the first 71/2 weeks, and also because we are using the DIY to do work that would take much more time to do in class. In short, this last 2 1/2 weeks is less busy because (most of) you have worked very hard over the first 7 1/2 weeks and you have earned some rest from a more intense schedule. Thank you everybody, I will see you either at tutorial tomorrow (in ILC 275) or in class on Friday.
If you think you may be the first to receive this message, could you please contact your classmates via keitai as well.
Bye for now, Owen.
Hello, I hope you are having a good day. I would like us to use ARW class time on Wednesday for individual tutorials rather than a whole-class class. If you would like to take a tutorial please sign up on the DIY. Instead of coming to class on Wednesday then, I would like everyone to continue work on their essay. Importantly, please also be sure that you have completed the AD & AF Diamond Study Guide - Q &A by tomorrow. Enjoy your study time Wednesday, your class in this position now because you completed most of the work for the semester in the first 71/2 weeks, and also because we are using the DIY to do work that would take much more time to do in class. In short, this last 2 1/2 weeks is less busy because (most of) you have worked very hard over the first 7 1/2 weeks and you have earned some rest from a more intense schedule. Thank you everybody, I will see you either at tutorial tomorrow (in ILC 275) or in class on Friday.
If you think you may be the first to receive this message, could you please contact your classmates via keitai as well.
Bye for now, Owen.
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